![]() ![]() Some have argued that the multiverse is a philosophical notion rather than a scientific hypothesis because it cannot be empirically falsified. Concerns have been raised about whether attempts to exempt the multiverse from experimental verification could erode public confidence in science and ultimately damage the study of fundamental physics. Some physicists say the multiverse is not a legitimate topic of scientific inquiry. Prominent physicists are divided about whether any other universes exist outside of our own. The physics community has debated the various multiverse theories over time. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternate universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel universes", "parallel dimensions", "parallel worlds", "parallel realities", "quantum realities", "alternate realities", " alternate timelines", "alternate dimensions" and "dimensional planes". Multiple universes have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology, music, and all kinds of literature, particularly in science fiction, comic books and fantasy. The term was first used in fiction in its current physics context by Michael Moorcock in his 1963 SF Adventures novella The Sundered Worlds (part of his Eternal Champion series). In the story Flash meets with his duplicate version of another Earth (Earth-2), and another Flash (Flash-2). The term was first used in fiction in September 1961 in the DC comic book titled Flash of Two Worlds (Flash Volume 1 #123) by Carmine Infantino and Gardner Fox. This sort of duality is called " superposition". He said that when his equations seemed to describe several different histories, these were "not alternatives, but all really happen simultaneously". In Dublin in 1952, Erwin Schrödinger gave a lecture in which he jocularly warned his audience that what he was about to say might "seem lunatic". ![]() The American philosopher and psychologist William James used the term "multiverse" in 1895, but in a different context. The concept of multiple universes became more defined in the Middle Ages. In the third century BCE, the philosopher Chrysippus suggested that the world eternally expired and regenerated, effectively suggesting the existence of multiple universes across time. Other early recorded examples of the idea of infinite worlds existed in the philosophy of Ancient Greek Atomism, which proposed that infinite parallel worlds arose from the collision of atoms. The evidence is not clear whether the worlds, as Anaximander viewed them, were co-existent or successive but he believed they were all perishable and in a cycle of creation and destruction. The idea of infinite worlds was first suggested by the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Anaximander in the sixth century BCE.
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